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February 17, 2015

OSTEOPOROSIS - AN ALARM FOR FEMALES





The most common calcium-related clinical issue today is osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is an abnormal decrease in bone density, especially in postmenopausal women, that is characterized by reduced bone mass, increased bone fragility, and a greater risk for the development of bone fractures.

Osteoporosis is not a primarily calcium deficiency disease as such; rather, it results from a combination of factors that create chronic calcium deficiency. These factors include the following:


  1.  Inadequate calcium intake;
  2.  Poor intestinal calcium absorption related to deviations in the amounts of hormones that control calcium absorption and metabolism; and
  3.  A lack of physical activity, which stimulates muscle insertion into bones and significantly influences bone strength, shape, and mass.


Insufficient physical activity contributes to the development of osteoporosis, and immobility after injury or disease can cause serious bone loss. A portion of the skeleton is reabsorbed and replaced with new bone each year; this bone remodeling can affect up to 50% of total bone mass per year in young children and approx. 5% of bone mass in adults. Unfortunately, bone resorption (the destruction, loss, or dissolution of a tissue or a part of a tissue by biochemical activity e.g. the loss of bone, the loss of tooth dentin) often exceeds bone formation in postmenopausal women and in aging men. 



The interaction of factors in osteoporosis that result in bone calcium resorption outpacing bone calcium deposition are not fully understood. Increased calcium intake alone - be it via dietary calcium or supplemental calcium - does not prevent osteoporosis in susceptible adults or successfully treat diagnosed cases of osteoporosis.

Therapies that reduce bone loss in osteoporosis include combination of the various factors that are involved in the building of bones: dietary calcium, the active hormonal form of vitamin D, estrogens, and weight-bearing physical activity.




Food intake studies report that the average calcium intakes of females from adolescence through adulthood are generally well below the DRI. The period of life during which bone density reaches its peak is also the period of life where teenage girls are likely to experience the largest dietary calcium deficit.

DEFICIENCIES DURING THIS CRITICAL PERIOD OF BONE DEVELOPMENT MAY HAVE LONG-TERM NEGATIVE OUTCOMES WITH REGARD TO OVERALL BONE STRENGTH AND RISK FOR OSTEOPOROSIS.

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